Inde : le Bihar, un test politique, un enjeu \u00e9conomique - Asialyst<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Enjeu crucial pour Narendra Modi, les \u00e9lections r\u00e9gionales ont commenc\u00e9 le 12 octobre par le Bihar, Etat pauvre et \u00e0 l\u2019industrie faible.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/asialyst.com\/fr\/2015\/10\/20\/inde-le-bihar-un-test-politique-un-enjeu-economique\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Inde : le Bihar, un test politique, un enjeu \u00e9conomique - Asialyst\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Enjeu crucial pour Narendra Modi, les \u00e9lections r\u00e9gionales ont commenc\u00e9 le 12 octobre par le Bihar, Etat pauvre et \u00e0 l\u2019industrie faible.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/asialyst.com\/fr\/2015\/10\/20\/inde-le-bihar-un-test-politique-un-enjeu-economique\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Asialyst\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Asialyst.fr\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2015-10-20T09:32:09+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-10-20T11:50:46+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/asialyst.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/INDE-BIHAR-MODI.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"683\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Jean-Rapha\u00ebl Chaponni\u00e8re\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Jean-Rapha\u00ebl Chaponni\u00e8re\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/2015\\\/10\\\/20\\\/inde-le-bihar-un-test-politique-un-enjeu-economique\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/2015\\\/10\\\/20\\\/inde-le-bihar-un-test-politique-un-enjeu-economique\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Jean-Rapha\u00ebl Chaponni\u00e8re\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/2d53b9e9da66de7203c8853133fe4aac\"},\"headline\":\"Inde : le Bihar, un test politique, un enjeu \u00e9conomique\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-10-20T09:32:09+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-10-20T11:50:46+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/2015\\\/10\\\/20\\\/inde-le-bihar-un-test-politique-un-enjeu-economique\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1585,\"commentCount\":1,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/2015\\\/10\\\/20\\\/inde-le-bihar-un-test-politique-un-enjeu-economique\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/10\\\/INDE-BIHAR-MODI.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Asie du Sud\",\"Bihar\",\"croissance\",\"Inde\",\"Regards\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Economie\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/2015\\\/10\\\/20\\\/inde-le-bihar-un-test-politique-un-enjeu-economique\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/2015\\\/10\\\/20\\\/inde-le-bihar-un-test-politique-un-enjeu-economique\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/2015\\\/10\\\/20\\\/inde-le-bihar-un-test-politique-un-enjeu-economique\\\/\",\"name\":\"Inde : le Bihar, un test politique, un enjeu \u00e9conomique - 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\n\t* Les zamindars \u00e9taient des membres de l\u2019aristocratie indienne, \u00e9quivalents des barons, grands propri\u00e9taires terriens qui collectaient l\u2019imp\u00f4t.<\/div>Pour percevoir l\u2019imp\u00f4t, les Anglais avaient recrut\u00e9 les zamindars*, percepteurs de l\u2019Etat Moghol, et d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que l\u2019imp\u00f4t serait, \u00e0 perp\u00e9tuit\u00e9<\/em>, 90% de celui pr\u00e9lev\u00e9 en 1793 sans imposer de plafond aux montants pr\u00e9lev\u00e9s. Cette d\u00e9cision aurait pu les inciter \u00e0 investir pour \u00e9lever les rendements. Cela n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 le cas. Ils ont pressur\u00e9 les cultivateurs qui, pour payer l\u2019imp\u00f4t, \u00e9taient parfois contraints de vendre leurs terres\u2026 aux zamindars. A l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance, ces grands propri\u00e9taires des hautes castes contr\u00f4laient les terres exploit\u00e9es par des m\u00e9tayers appartenant au \u00ab\u00a0Autres classes d\u00e9favoris\u00e9es\u00a0\u00bb (Other Backward Classes – OBC), tandis que les Dalits, les \u00ab\u00a0intouchables\u00a0\u00bb, \u00e9taient des paysans sans terre. Le statut de zamindar a depuis \u00e9t\u00e9 aboli et les propri\u00e9taires ont contourn\u00e9 la r\u00e9forme agraire pour agrandir leurs terres, tout en maintenant la pratique des contrats de m\u00e9tayage oraux qui n\u2019offrent aucun horizon \u00e0 ceux qui cultivent. \n
A cet h\u00e9ritage institutionnel, s\u2019ajoutent des contraintes naturelles. Les districts du nord du Bihar, un quart de la superficie cultiv\u00e9e, sont p\u00e9riodiquement inond\u00e9s par les crues de la rivi\u00e8re Kosi qui nettoient les semences et les engrais. La r\u00e9solution de ce probl\u00e8me passe par des n\u00e9gociations entre l\u2019Inde et le N\u00e9pal.<\/p>\n
Dans les ann\u00e9es 1950 et 60, la croissance d\u00e9mographique du Bihar a \u00e9t\u00e9 inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la moyenne indienne. Elle l\u2019a rattrap\u00e9 dans les ann\u00e9es 1970 et 80 et l\u2019a d\u00e9pass\u00e9 entre 1990 et 2015. Ayant tripl\u00e9 entre 1950 et 2015, la population est plus jeune que la moyenne indienne. Du fait de la pression d\u00e9mographique, les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s ont \u00e9t\u00e9 fractionn\u00e9es et de nombreux paysans biharis ont \u00e9migr\u00e9 vers d\u2019autres Etats, o\u00f9 ils vivent de petits boulots (conducteurs de rickshaw \u00e0 Delhi, journaliers agricoles dans l\u2019Uttar Pradesh et le Penjab).\t<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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Un Etat faiblement industrialis\u00e9<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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\n\t\tLe Bihar est aujourd\u2019hui un des Etats les moins industrialis\u00e9s de la f\u00e9d\u00e9ration indienne. Cela n\u2019a pas toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 le cas. La sid\u00e9rurgie est n\u00e9e en Inde dans les ann\u00e9es 1930 au sud du Bihar (aujourd\u2019hui le Jarkhand) et, construite et g\u00e9r\u00e9e par Tata, l\u2019usine de Jamshedpur est le premier centre sid\u00e9rurgique. A l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance, les richesses du sous-sol – charbon, minerai – \u00e9taient un des avantages comparatifs du Bihar. Malheureusement, le gouvernement a adopt\u00e9 en 1952 le \u00ab\u00a0Freigh Equalization rate\u00a0\u00bb<\/em> qui \u00e9galisait le co\u00fbt de la tonne de minerai de fer ou de la tonne de charbon rendu dans toute la f\u00e9d\u00e9ration. Cette mesure a gomm\u00e9 l\u2019avantage des Etats disposant de ressources naturelles. Si la l\u00e9gislation a \u00e9t\u00e9 abandonn\u00e9e en 1993, la d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration politique avait entre-temps consid\u00e9rablement r\u00e9duit l\u2019attractivit\u00e9 du Bihar. \n
En 2001, le sud du Bihar a \u00ab\u00a0bifurqu\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb pour devenir le Jarkhand (31 millions d\u2019habitants). Le gouvernement de Patna n\u2019ayant fait aucun effort pour promouvoir le secteur manufacturier, cette \u00ab\u00a0bifurcation\u00a0\u00bb a priv\u00e9 l\u2019Etat de sa base industrielle. A l\u2019origine de seulement 7% du PIB (50% au Gujarat et 18 % dans l\u2019Union Indienne), le secteur manufacturier rel\u00e8ve pour moiti\u00e9 d\u2019activit\u00e9s informelles. L\u2019un des rares atouts de l\u2019Etat est l\u2019agro-industrie dont le d\u00e9veloppement est frein\u00e9 par les d\u00e9lestages d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9.<\/p>\n
La \u00ab\u00a0bifurcation\u00a0\u00bb a renforc\u00e9 la part des services dans l\u2019\u00e9conomie alors que le pays est le plus pauvre du pays.\t<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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Question de gouvernance<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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\n\t\tJusque dans les ann\u00e9es 1980, et \u00e0 l\u2019exception de Karpoori Thakur (1970-71 et 1977-79), les dirigeants du Bihar, proches des propri\u00e9taires, appartenaient aux hautes castes. La d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration des conditions sociales a amen\u00e9 les \u00ab\u00a0intouchables\u00a0\u00bb \u00e0 s\u2019organiser en groupes d\u2019auto-d\u00e9fense contre les propri\u00e9taires fonciers qui ont recrut\u00e9 des mercenaires. La pauvret\u00e9 a attir\u00e9 les \u00ab\u00a0naxalites\u00a0\u00bb (mao\u00efstes apparus \u00e0 Naxalbari au Bengale en 1967 et qui ont impos\u00e9 l\u00e0 une justice populaire dans les campagnes. \n
En 1990, alli\u00e9 aux partis proches des intouchables, Lalu Prasad, un OBC de la caste des Yadav, a remport\u00e9 les \u00e9lections. Marquant l\u2019av\u00e8nement d\u2019une caste soucieuse de d\u00e9veloppement, sa victoire aurait pu acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer la croissance. Cela n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 le cas. Ne manifestant aucun int\u00e9r\u00eat pour le d\u00e9veloppement, Lalu Prasad a men\u00e9 une politique d\u2019 \u00ab\u00a0discrimination positive\u00a0\u00bb des basses castes. Le Bihar a illustr\u00e9 le pire de la gouvernance indienne : la corruption et le n\u00e9potisme. Apr\u00e8s avoir cherch\u00e9 en vain \u00e0 mettre cet Etat sous tutelle, Delhi a suspendu Lalu qui a fait \u00e9lire son \u00e9pouse Rabi Devri et a gouvern\u00e9 jusqu\u2019en 2005. <\/p>\n
Ayant rompu avec Lalu Prasad en 1994, Nitish Kumar a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lu en 2005 et a donn\u00e9 la priorit\u00e9 au d\u00e9veloppement. Ce qu\u2019il a accompagn\u00e9 d\u2019autres mesures n\u00e9cessaires : la restauration de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9, le succ\u00e8s dans la lutte contre la corruption, l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de la gouvernance (exigence de satisfaction des demandes aux administrations) et des efforts pour la formation. Ainsi, pour encourager la scolarisation dans le secondaire des jeunes filles des zones rurales, le gouvernement de Nitish Kumar leur offre une bicyclette<\/a>.\t<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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\n\t\t $\"Graphique$ <\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t \tGraphique : croissance du PIB et des diff\u00e9rents secteurs d\u2019activit\u00e9 au Bihar, entre 2005 et 2015.\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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\n\t\tLa restauration des aides de Delhi a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration de la croissance du Bihar, qui a \u00e9galement b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 de l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de la conjoncture de l\u2019Union. Les fluctuations de l\u2019\u00e9conomie suivent celles de l\u2019agriculture et l\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration de la croissance repose sur une base \u00e9troite tant du point de vue g\u00e9ographique (quelques districts) que sectoriel. La part de l\u2019agriculture dans l\u2019emploi reste toujours aussi importante (autour de 70 %), alors que le Bihar est confront\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019arriv\u00e9e sur le march\u00e9 du travail d\u2019un nombre croissant de jeunes tr\u00e8s peu form\u00e9s.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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Soutenez-nous !<\/h3>\n\t\t
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Tags de l'article<\/h5>\n\t\t
Asie du Sud<\/a><\/li>
Bihar<\/a><\/li>
croissance<\/a><\/li>
Inde<\/a><\/li>
Regards<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
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\r\n\t\t\t\t Share on Facebook<\/a>Share on Twitter<\/a>Share on Linkedin<\/a>Share on Pinterest<\/a>\t \t <\/div>\r\n\t \n
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A propos de l'auteur<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJean-Rapha\u00ebl Chaponni\u00e8re\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJean-Rapha\u00ebl Chaponni\u00e8re est membre du groupe Asie21 (Futuribles)<\/a> et chercheur associ\u00e9 \u00e0 Asia Centre. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9conomiste \u00e0 l\u2019Agence Fran\u00e7aise de D\u00e9veloppement, conseiller \u00e9conomique aupr\u00e8s de l\u2019ambassade de France en Cor\u00e9e et en Turquie, et ing\u00e9nieur de recherche au CNRS pendant 25 ans. Il a publi\u00e9 avec Marc Lautier : \"Economie de l'Asie du Sud-Est, au carrefour de la mondialisation\"<\/a> (Br\u00e9al, 2018) et \"Les \u00e9conomies \u00e9mergentes d\u2019Asie, entre Etat et march\u00e9\" (Armand Colin, 270 pages, 2014).\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[asl-front-abonnez-vous]\n
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On vous recommande<\/h5>\t\t\t
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$\"Une$ <\/span>Environnement<\/span>
Climat : \"L\u2019Inde peut aussi \u00eatre en pointe\"<\/h4><\/span><\/a><\/li>
$\"A$ <\/span>Economie<\/span>
Il y a trente ans, l\u2019endaka ou le yen r\u00e9\u00e9valu\u00e9<\/h4><\/span><\/a><\/li>\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Enjeu crucial pour Narendra Modi, les \u00e9lections r\u00e9gionales ont commenc\u00e9 le 12 octobre par le Bihar, Etat pauvre et \u00e0 l\u2019industrie faible.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":5153,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[4,467,100,3,194],"class_list":["post-5147","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economie","tag-asie-du-sud","tag-bihar","tag-croissance","tag-inde","tag-regards"],"yoast_head":"\nInde : le Bihar, un test politique, un enjeu \u00e9conomique - Asialyst<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Enjeu crucial pour Narendra Modi, les \u00e9lections r\u00e9gionales ont commenc\u00e9 le 12 octobre par le Bihar, Etat pauvre et \u00e0 l\u2019industrie faible.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/asialyst.com\/fr\/2015\/10\/20\/inde-le-bihar-un-test-politique-un-enjeu-economique\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Inde : le Bihar, un test politique, un enjeu \u00e9conomique - 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A propos de l'auteur<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t