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\n\t\tLes Russes ont atteint l\u2019Oc\u00e9an Pacifique au 17\u00e8me si\u00e8cle et l\u2019Alaska un si\u00e8cle plus tard. Une fois stabilis\u00e9es les fronti\u00e8res avec la Chine, le peuplement de l\u2019Extr\u00eame-orient Russe (EOR) a commenc\u00e9 et la vente de l\u2019Alaska (1867) a donn\u00e9 les moyens de financer la construction d\u2019infrastructures dans la r\u00e9gion du fleuve Amour.
\nA la fin du 19\u00e8me, l\u2019ach\u00e8vement du Transsib\u00e9rien – financ\u00e9 par des capitaux \u00e9trangers (les \u00ab\u00a0emprunts russes\u00a0\u00bb) \u2013 des investissements publics (mines, construction navale) et priv\u00e9s (commerce, p\u00eache, fourrure) ont dynamis\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9conomie.
\nPour contourner le manque de capitaux priv\u00e9s, les autorit\u00e9s ont attir\u00e9 des entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res – Vladivostok est devenu un port franc \u2013 qui ont employ\u00e9 des travailleurs chinois jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019adoption en 1910 de mesures destin\u00e9es \u00e0 freiner cette immigration.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

\n\t

\n\t\tD\u00e9vast\u00e9e par la guerre civile qui a accompagn\u00e9 la r\u00e9volution d\u2019octobre 1917, l\u2019EOR a connu un renouveau dans les ann\u00e9es 1920 ; pendant la Nouvelle Economie Politique (NEP), les entreprises am\u00e9ricaines, europ\u00e9ennes et chinoises assuraient la moiti\u00e9 de la production industrielle.
\nStaline ayant d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de faire de l\u2019EOR la citadelle sovi\u00e9tique du Pacifique, la priorit\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 aux industries li\u00e9es \u00e0 la d\u00e9fense et si il a encourag\u00e9 l\u2019installation de Russes et les migrations – Cor\u00e9ens Chinois, il a mobilis\u00e9 les centaines de milliers de victimes des purges staliniennes.
\nL\u2019EOR qui a peu souffert de la guerre, a \u00e9t\u00e9 oubli\u00e9e par Moscou jusqu\u2019aux ann\u00e9es 1960 et le lancement de projets associant soci\u00e9t\u00e9s d\u2019Etat et entreprises japonaises dans l\u2019exploitation foresti\u00e8re, la m\u00e9tallurgie, l\u2019extraction p\u00e9troli\u00e8re. Pour attirer la main d\u2019\u0153uvre russe, l\u2019Etat construit des infrastructures sociales et investit dans l\u2019\u00e9ducation et la recherche. Dans les ann\u00e9es 1970, la priorit\u00e9 est all\u00e9e au d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019une flotte du Pacifique et ensuite, avec l\u2019essoufflement de l\u2019\u00e9conomie sovi\u00e9tique, les investissements dans l\u2019EOR ont diminu\u00e9.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

\n\t

\n\t\tPereistoka<\/em> et glassnotz<\/em> ont \u00e9t\u00e9 une catastrophe pour l\u2019EOR. La transition vers l\u2019\u00e9conomie de march\u00e9 a conduit \u00e0 la faillite de tr\u00e8s nombreuses entreprises industrielles.
\nExode, chute de la natalit\u00e9 et mont\u00e9e de la mortalit\u00e9 ont r\u00e9duit de 25 pour cent la population entre 1990 et 2015.
\nL\u2019EOR redevient une priorit\u00e9 dans les ann\u00e9es 2000, lorsque la Russie \u00ab\u00a0pivote\u00a0\u00bb vers l\u2019Asie et accueille \u00e0 Vladivostok un sommet de l\u2019APEC. L\u2019ann\u00e9e suivante, Moscou publie un plan de 100 milliards de dollars sur dix ans de d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019EOR.
\nDepuis la chute du cours du p\u00e9trole, les sanctions et la baisse des entr\u00e9es de capitaux ont priv\u00e9 la Russie des moyens de son programme. Elle n\u2019a pas d\u2019autres choix que s\u2019appuyer sur ses voisins, la Cor\u00e9e, le Japon et bien s\u00fbr la Chine.
\nApr\u00e8s plusieurs sommets entre Xi Jinping et Poutine la signature d\u2019un contrat d\u2019approvisionnement de gaz sur trente ans (400 milliards de dollars) consacre le partenariat \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique sino-russe.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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L\u2019EOR et la Chine <\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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\n\t\tLa Chine est le premier partenaire de la Russie qui ne p\u00e8se pas lourd (2 %) dans le commerce ext\u00e9rieur chinois. Une asym\u00e9trie qu\u2019explique l\u2019\u00e9cart de 5 \u00e0 1 entre les PIB de la Chine et de la Russie. Les trois provinces chinoises frontali\u00e8res de l\u2019EOR (Liaoning, Jilin et Heilongjiang) sont peupl\u00e9es de 110 millions d’habitants, et leur PIB est 40 % celui de la Russie, soit dix fois celui de l\u2019EOR. Parmi les oblast<\/em> de l\u2019EOR, ceux du Sud, commercent beaucoup plus avec la Chine que la moyenne nationale, tandis que Sakalin, Magadan et le Kamchaka commercent davantage avec le Japon et la Cor\u00e9e.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n\t
\n\t\t $\"Tableau$ <\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t \tTableau : commerce ext\u00e9rieur de l'Extr\u00eame-Orient russe avec l'Asie du Nord-Est (2015)\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n\t
\n\t\tLa Chine est-elle un investisseur important dans l\u2019EOR ? Ni les statistiques chinoises, ni les statistiques russes ne permettent de r\u00e9pondre. Celles du Mofcom indiquent que les trois quarts des IDE chinois se dirigent vers des paradis fiscaux et que le montant cumul\u00e9 en Russie est de 32 milliards de dollars ; celles de la banque centrale de Russie indiquent que 60 % des IDE proviennent de places offshores et que le montant cumul\u00e9 des investissements chinois est de 3 milliards de dollars !
\nOn peut contourner cette incertitude statistique en utilisant la base de donn\u00e9es Heritage qui suit depuis 2005 les annonces des entreprises chinoises dans le monde. Selon ces donn\u00e9es qui r\u00e9v\u00e8lent plus une \u00e9volution qu\u2019une photographie, le cumul de l\u2019investissement chinois en Russie atteindrait 24 milliards de dollars sans que l\u2019on sache le pourcentage qui va dans l\u2019EOR.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n\t
\n\t\t $\"Graphique$ <\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t \tGraphique : investissements chinois annonc\u00e9s en Rusie, en millions de $ (2015)\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
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\n\t\tLes Chinois envahissent-ils l\u2019EOR ? Agitant le \u00ab\u00a0p\u00e9ril jaune\u00a0\u00bb apparu pour la premi\u00e8re fois dans la Russie de Nicolas II, la presse russe \u00e9voque les millions de jeunes chinois qui souhaitent s\u2019installer sur les terres de l\u2019EOR. Elle oublie que les Chinois ne sont pas plus jeunes que les Russes (l\u2019\u00e2ge m\u00e9dian est proche), que la Chine vieillit plus vite que la Russie, que les Chinois des provinces voisines \u00e0 l\u2019EOR peuvent \u00e9migrer au sud de la Chine o\u00f9 les revenus sont plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s et enfin que l\u2019\u00e9cart de croissance entre les pays pourrait susciter une \u00e9migration russe vers la Chine.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n\t
\n\t\tEloign\u00e9 des 5 millions que lui pr\u00eate la rumeur, des enqu\u00eates<\/a> estiment que le nombre de r\u00e9sidents chinois dans l\u2019EOR serait plus proche des 500 000 mesur\u00e9s par le recensement russe ; \u00e0 ce nombre s\u2019ajoutent les travailleurs non permanents dont le nombre augmentera car les entreprises chinoises ont \u00e9t\u00e9 autoris\u00e9es \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre aux appels d\u2019offres russes. Toutefois, ce ne sont pas les Chinois mais les migrants des R\u00e9publiques d\u2019Asie Centrale qui sont de tr\u00e8s loin les plus nombreux dans l\u2019EOR.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n\t
\n\t\tParall\u00e8lement, la Chine a lanc\u00e9 le projet \u00ab\u00a0One Belt One road\u00a0\u00bb qui avec mille milliards de dollars est le plus ambitieux depuis le plan Marshall.
\nSa partie \u00ab\u00a0one belt\u00a0\u00bb pr\u00e9voit la construction d\u2019axes ferroviaires traversant le Kazakhstan et la Russie pour rejoindre l\u2019Europe. Ce projet r\u00e9v\u00e8le le retard russe dans les infrastructures.
\nFaute d\u2019avoir les moyens financiers de participer \u00e0 ce projet, les Russes peuvent articuler l\u2019EOR aux nouvelles routes de la Soie.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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Soutenez-nous !<\/h3>\n\t\t
Asialyst est con\u00e7u par une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e \u00e0 100 % de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles et gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de contributeurs en Asie ou ailleurs, journalistes, experts, universitaires, consultants ou anciens diplomates... Notre seul but : partager la connaissance de l'Asie au plus large public.<\/p>\n\t\t Faire un don<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Tags de l'article<\/h5>\n\t\t
Asie du Nord-Est<\/a><\/li>
Chine<\/a><\/li>
EOR<\/a><\/li>
Regards<\/a><\/li>
Route de la Soie<\/a><\/li>
Russie<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
\t<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\t\t Share on Facebook<\/a>Share on Twitter<\/a>Share on Linkedin<\/a>Share on Pinterest<\/a>\t \t <\/div>\r\n\t \n
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A propos de l'auteur<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJean-Rapha\u00ebl Chaponni\u00e8re\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJean-Rapha\u00ebl Chaponni\u00e8re est membre du groupe Asie21 (Futuribles)<\/a> et chercheur associ\u00e9 \u00e0 Asia Centre. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9conomiste \u00e0 l\u2019Agence Fran\u00e7aise de D\u00e9veloppement, conseiller \u00e9conomique aupr\u00e8s de l\u2019ambassade de France en Cor\u00e9e et en Turquie, et ing\u00e9nieur de recherche au CNRS pendant 25 ans. Il a publi\u00e9 avec Marc Lautier : \"Economie de l'Asie du Sud-Est, au carrefour de la mondialisation\"<\/a> (Br\u00e9al, 2018) et \"Les \u00e9conomies \u00e9mergentes d\u2019Asie, entre Etat et march\u00e9\" (Armand Colin, 270 pages, 2014).\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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On vous recommande<\/h5>\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
$\""La$ <\/span>Histoire<\/span>
Liu Zhengzhou et l'histoire du th\u00e9 de Chine en Russie<\/h4><\/span><\/a><\/li>
$\"Photo$ <\/span>Politique<\/span>
Ventes d\u2019armes : lune de miel sino-russe<\/h4><\/span><\/a><\/li>\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
L’immense potentiel de l\u2019Extr\u00eame-orient Russe peut \u00eatre aujourd’hui articul\u00e9 autour du projet chinois \u00ab\u00a0One Belt, One Road\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":29717,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[23,22,1179,194,204,124],"class_list":["post-29711","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economie","tag-asie-du-nord-est","tag-chine","tag-eor","tag-regards","tag-route-de-la-soie","tag-russie"],"yoast_head":"\nL\u2019Extr\u00eame-orient russe, un enjeu asiatique - Asialyst<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"L'immense potentiel de l\u2019Extr\u00eame-orient Russe peut \u00eatre aujourd'hui articul\u00e9 autour du projet chinois "One Belt, One Road".\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/asialyst.com\/fr\/2017\/05\/02\/extreme-orient-russe-enjeu-asiatique\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L\u2019Extr\u00eame-orient russe, un enjeu asiatique - 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A propos de l'auteur<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t