50 ans de Petit livre rouge\u00a0: "La Bible de Mao, religion d'une g\u00e9n\u00e9ration en Occident" - Asialyst<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/asialyst.com\/fr\/2017\/01\/06\/50-ans-petit-livre-rouge-la-bible-de-mao-religion-en-occident\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"50 ans de Petit livre rouge\u00a0: "La Bible de Mao, religion d'une g\u00e9n\u00e9ration en Occident" - Asialyst\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"50 ans apr\u00e8s sa sortie, Pascale Nivelle nous raconte comment le "Petit livre rouge" est devenu la religion d'une g\u00e9n\u00e9ration en Occident.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/asialyst.com\/fr\/2017\/01\/06\/50-ans-petit-livre-rouge-la-bible-de-mao-religion-en-occident\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Asialyst\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Asialyst.fr\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"StephaneLagarde\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-01-06T07:06:27+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2017-07-26T09:14:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/asialyst.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/chine-mao-petit-livre-rouge-e1483704963927.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"680\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"St\u00e9phane Lagarde\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"St\u00e9phane Lagarde\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/2017\\\/01\\\/06\\\/50-ans-petit-livre-rouge-la-bible-de-mao-religion-en-occident\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/2017\\\/01\\\/06\\\/50-ans-petit-livre-rouge-la-bible-de-mao-religion-en-occident\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"St\u00e9phane Lagarde\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/9b36206843005ec4588b2cff419bc6b2\"},\"headline\":\"50 ans de Petit livre rouge\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0La Bible de Mao, religion d’une g\u00e9n\u00e9ration en Occident\u00a0\u00bb\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-01-06T07:06:27+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2017-07-26T09:14:57+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/2017\\\/01\\\/06\\\/50-ans-petit-livre-rouge-la-bible-de-mao-religion-en-occident\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2158,\"commentCount\":1,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/2017\\\/01\\\/06\\\/50-ans-petit-livre-rouge-la-bible-de-mao-religion-en-occident\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/01\\\/chine-mao-petit-livre-rouge-e1483704963927.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Abonn\u00e9s\",\"Asie du Nord-Est\",\"Chine\",\"Mao Zedong\",\"mao\u00efsme\",\"Petit livre rouge\",\"R\u00e9volution culturelle\",\"Simon Leys\",\"temps forts\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Histoire\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/2017\\\/01\\\/06\\\/50-ans-petit-livre-rouge-la-bible-de-mao-religion-en-occident\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/2017\\\/01\\\/06\\\/50-ans-petit-livre-rouge-la-bible-de-mao-religion-en-occident\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asialyst.com\\\/fr\\\/2017\\\/01\\\/06\\\/50-ans-petit-livre-rouge-la-bible-de-mao-religion-en-occident\\\/\",\"name\":\"50 ans de Petit livre rouge\u00a0: \\\"La Bible de Mao, religion d'une g\u00e9n\u00e9ration en Occident\\\" - 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\n\t\tLes Petits livres rouges sont ensuite brandis \u00e0 bout de bras par les gardes rouges. Les compilations des citations de Mao sont aussi d\u00e9tourn\u00e9es sous forme de formules de politesse…<\/strong>\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n\t
\n\t\t\u00c7a c’est une plaisanterie tr\u00e8s chinoise o\u00f9 ils avaient d\u00e9tourn\u00e9s les citations du pr\u00e9sident Mao dans des sc\u00e8nes chez le boucher, chez le boulanger. Ce qui n’est pas une plaisanterie en revanche, c’est que cet objet s’est mis \u00e0 ponctuer le quotidien des Chinois, et cela du matin au soir. \u00c7a commen\u00e7ait par la gymnastique o\u00f9 l’on brandissait le Petit livre rouge et l’on faisait ses exercices en scandant les citations. C’\u00e9tait ensuite des s\u00e9ances de lectures collectives plusieurs fois dans la journ\u00e9e, et cela jusqu’\u00e0 des s\u00e9ances d’autocritiques le soir. C’\u00e9tait vraiment le seul objet, le livre qui avait remplac\u00e9 tous les autres livres en Chine.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n\t
\n\t\tCette \u00ab\u00a0bombe id\u00e9ologique\u00a0\u00bb vient-elle renforcer les exactions commises pendant la R\u00e9volution culturelle\u00a0?<\/strong>\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n\t
\n\t\tCe qui est s\u00fbr c’est que les gardes rouges en ont fait r\u00e9ellement une arme de propagande et m\u00eame une arme tout court, parce que lors des pers\u00e9cutions contre les\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9visionnistes\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0comme on disait \u00e0 l’\u00e9poque, ils s’en servent pour taper symboliquement leurs victimes. C’est vraiment l’arme symbolique par excellence.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n\t
\n\t\tLe Petit livre rouge arrive ensuite en Occident, c’est imm\u00e9diatement le coup de foudre\u00a0?<\/strong>\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n\t
\n\t\tLe Petit livre rouge arrive en d\u00e9cembre 1966, sur les tables de la librairie le Phoenix, la librairie chinoise de Paris. L’ambassade de Chine en livre des centaines d’exemplaires qui s’arrachent aussit\u00f4t. Le terrain est bien pr\u00e9par\u00e9. Les \u00ab\u00a0maos\u00a0\u00bb comme on les appelait, connaissaient d\u00e9j\u00e0 les \u0153uvres compl\u00e8tes du Grand timonier et ce sont empar\u00e9s du Petit livre rouge comme d’un objet f\u00e9tiche. Pour la plupart ce sont des intellectuels du quartier latin qui ont fait leurs \u00e9tudes, l’\u00e9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure de la rue d’Ulm ou l’universit\u00e9 de la Sorbonne.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n\t
\n\t\tLa Chine populaire est \u00e0 la mode, vous racontez que dans certaines librairies du quartier latin on diffuse Radio P\u00e9kin…<\/strong>\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n\t
\n\t\tIl y avait effectivement toute une fascination pour la Chine. Mao venait en sauveur du marxisme-l\u00e9ninisme, apr\u00e8s Staline, apr\u00e8s Khrouchtchev ; donc il y avait ce terrain qui \u00e9tait pr\u00eat et dans certains lieux \u00e0 Paris, on pouvait effectivement trouver la presse traduite \u00e0 P\u00e9kin, \u00e9couter Radio Chine, la musique chinoise. On pouvait achet\u00e9 aussi des objets de propagande, du th\u00e9 chinois, etc.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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\n\t\tLe Petit livre rouge est si populaire en Europe que le magasine \u00e9rotique Lui<\/em> sort un \u00ab\u00a0Petit livre rose\u00a0\u00bb…<\/strong>\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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\n\t\tAu-del\u00e0 des intellectuels qui croyaient vraiment au marxisme-l\u00e9ninisme et au mao\u00efsme, la mode Mao a \u00e9clat\u00e9 \u00e0 Paris en 1967. C’est vraiment une mode avec des v\u00eatements inspir\u00e9s du look des \u00e9tudiants gardes rouges \u00e0 P\u00e9kin. Le Petit livre rouge fait partie de la panoplie et \u00e7a donne lieu \u00e0 pas mal de parodie dont celle du magasine Lui<\/em> qui consacre un num\u00e9ro sp\u00e9cial avec des jeunes femmes d\u00e9nud\u00e9es et des citations apocryphes bien \u00e9videmment. Alors tous les t\u00e9moins que j’ai rencontr\u00e9s me disent que c’est une \u00e9poque dont ils ne sont pas extr\u00eamement fiers, puisque le mao\u00efsme n’a pas eu de lendemains qui chantent, mais qu’en revanche, ils ont le souvenir de leurs vingt ans o\u00f9 ils \u00e9taient dans un \u00e9tat presque second. Une \u00e9poque o\u00f9 ils \u00e9taient port\u00e9s par leur id\u00e9al r\u00e9volutionnaire : ils \u00e9taient persuad\u00e9s qu’ils allaient tout r\u00e9volutionner en France. Tous m’ont dit\u00a0: \u00e7a nous a appris \u00e0 vivre, \u00e0 parler en public, \u00e7a nous a appris \u00e0 convaincre.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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\n\t\tQue sont devenus ces ex-maos\u00a0occidentaux\u00a0?<\/strong>\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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\n\t\tIl y a diff\u00e9rents parcours. Il y a notamment ceux qu’on appelait les \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9tablis\u00a0\u00bb qui sont all\u00e9s au bout de l’aventure en travaillant \u00e0 l’usine et qui ont br\u00fbl\u00e9 leurs jeunes ann\u00e9es et pour certains, cela ne s’est pas bien termin\u00e9. D’autres, notamment parmi les intellectuels, ont pris conscience de l’impasse dans laquelle il s’\u00e9taient enferm\u00e9s et n’ont pas toujours bien v\u00e9cu la fin de leur id\u00e9al. Mais beaucoup d’entre eux sont pass\u00e9s \u00e0 autre chose et ont r\u00e9ussit \u00e0 faire des carri\u00e8res brillantes dans le monde de l’\u00e9dition, du cin\u00e9ma, des m\u00e9dias, de l’architecture.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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\n\t\tEst-ce que ces intellectuels fascin\u00e9s par le Petit livre rouge savent vraiment ce qui se passe en Chine\u00a0\u00e0 l’\u00e9poque ?<\/strong>\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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\n\t\tJ’ai en tout cas construit mon livre de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 illustrer ce d\u00e9calage entre la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 et la propagande. Un chapitre se passe en Chine, un autre \u00e0 l’\u00e9tranger et notamment \u00e0 Paris, mais aussi \u00e0 Berlin, Bamako et Bogota. L’id\u00e9e \u00e9tant de montrer encore une fois ce d\u00e9calage qui pouvait exister entre ce qui se passait r\u00e9ellement en Chine et l’image qu’en avait les Fran\u00e7ais. On ne peut pas leur en vouloir d’ailleurs, parce que personne ne pouvait savoir ce qui se passait r\u00e9ellement pendant la R\u00e9volution culturelle. Ce qu’on constate en revanche, c’est que ceux qui \u00e9taient invit\u00e9s par le r\u00e9gime n’ont pas franchement voulu voir ou admettre ce qui se passait. Ils se sont mis des \u0153ill\u00e8res et ils ont contribu\u00e9 en rentrant \u00e0 propager une histoire qui n’\u00e9tait pas la v\u00e9ritable histoire.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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\n\t\tIl y avait des voyages en Chine populaire, mais c’\u00e9tait essentiellement du \u00ab\u00a0tourisme rouge\u00a0\u00bb \u00e9crivez-vous…<\/strong>\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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\n\t\tCela faisait partie de la volont\u00e9 de Mao d’exporter sa propagande et donc il a invit\u00e9 \u00e9norm\u00e9ment de d\u00e9l\u00e9gation, d’intellectuels parmi les plus connus. Il s’agissait de voyages extr\u00eamement encadr\u00e9s o\u00f9 il n’y avait aucun contact avec la population, ce que j’ai appel\u00e9 des \u00ab\u00a0voyages Potemkine\u00a0\u00bb, comme ce qui se passait en Russie sous Catherine II.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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\n\t\tAlors parmi ces intellectuels, il y en a quand m\u00eame un qui va d\u00e9noncer les crimes de masses commis sous la R\u00e9volution culturelle : Simon Leys…<\/strong>\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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\n\t\tSimon Leys qui est sinologue et sinophone et qui vivait \u00e0 Hong Kong, donc c’est un peu diff\u00e9rent. D\u00e8s le tout d\u00e9but du mouvement des gardes rouges, Simon Leys va tout de suite voir que la R\u00e9volution culturelle n’a de culturelle que le nom et qu’il s’agit en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 de purges politiques effroyables perp\u00e9tr\u00e9s par Mao et les responsables du parti communistes chinois. Ce discours-l\u00e0 n’est absolument pas entendu en France. On le traite d’agent de la CIA, on le tra\u00eene dans la boue. Quand sort son livre Les habits neufs du pr\u00e9sident Mao<\/em> en 1971, personne n’y fait allusion. Et il faudra attendre une dizaine d’ann\u00e9es avant que Simon Leys qui n’a jamais pu avoir un poste \u00e0 l’universit\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 banni par les intellectuels et qui s’est finalement exil\u00e9 en Australie, puisse \u00eatre reconnu comme une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence sur cette p\u00e9riode terrible de l’histoire chinoise, par les mao\u00efstes fran\u00e7ais eux-m\u00eames.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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\n\t\tOn conna\u00eet l’influence du Petit livre rouge en Chine. Est-ce qu’il a eu un v\u00e9ritable impact en Occident\u00a0?<\/strong>\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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\n\t\tL’impact a \u00e9t\u00e9 limit\u00e9, car au fond les maos fran\u00e7ais \u00e9taient 7 ou 8 000 et le mouvement s’est vite arr\u00eat\u00e9. C’est surtout un impact publicitaire en fait. Je fais le parall\u00e8le entre le Petit livre rouge et la soupe Campbell d’Andy Warhol. C’est un objet publicitaire destin\u00e9 aux masses. C’\u00e9tait \u00ab\u00a0la culture pop en Chine pop\u00a0\u00bb, il y avait ce titre de livre qui \u00e9tait tr\u00e8s bon \u00e0 l’\u00e9poque. La diff\u00e9rence entre les maos fran\u00e7ais et les maos des 150 autres pays o\u00f9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 export\u00e9 le Petit livre rouge, c’est qu’en France l’histoire s’est arr\u00eat\u00e9e aux portes de la violence. En cela, on peut saluer les maos fran\u00e7ais de ne pas avoir suivi les traces des brigades rouges en Italie ou de la bande \u00e0 Baader en Allemagne et d’avoir quitt\u00e9 le mouvement au moment o\u00f9 les choses allaient commencer \u00e0 mal tourner.\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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\n\t\tPropos recueillis par St\u00e9phane Lagarde<\/strong>\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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Tags de l'article<\/h5>\n\t\t
Abonn\u00e9s<\/a><\/li>
Asie du Nord-Est<\/a><\/li>
Chine<\/a><\/li>
Mao Zedong<\/a><\/li>
mao\u00efsme<\/a><\/li>
Petit livre rouge<\/a><\/li>
R\u00e9volution culturelle<\/a><\/li>
Simon Leys<\/a><\/li>
temps forts<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
\t<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\t\t Share on Facebook<\/a>Share on Twitter<\/a>Share on Linkedin<\/a>Share on Pinterest<\/a>\t \t <\/div>\r\n\t \n
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A propos de l'auteur<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSt\u00e9phane Lagarde\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSt\u00e9phane Lagarde est l'envoy\u00e9 sp\u00e9cial permanent de Radio France Internationale \u00e0 P\u00e9kin. Co-fondateur d'Asialyst, ancien correspondant en Cor\u00e9e du Sud, il est tomb\u00e9 dans la potion nord-est asiatique il y a une vingtaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es.\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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On vous recommande<\/h5>\t\t\t
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$\"Portraits$ <\/span>Histoire<\/span>
Jean-Paul Ribes : \"la fin de mon mao\u00efsme\"<\/h4><\/span><\/a><\/li>
$\"Photo$ <\/span>Histoire<\/span>
Rony Brauman : \"Je faisais partie de la pi\u00e9taille du mao\u00efsme fran\u00e7ais\"<\/h4><\/span><\/a><\/li>\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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50 ans apr\u00e8s sa sortie, Pascale Nivelle nous raconte comment le \u00ab\u00a0Petit livre rouge\u00a0\u00bb est devenu la religion d’une g\u00e9n\u00e9ration en Occident.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":26850,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[63],"tags":[613,23,22,1292,707,1022,700,1026,193],"class_list":["post-26823","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-histoire","tag-abonnes","tag-asie-du-nord-est","tag-chine","tag-mao-zedong","tag-maoisme","tag-petit-livre-rouge","tag-revolution-culturelle","tag-simon-leys","tag-temps-forts"],"yoast_head":"\n50 ans de Petit livre rouge\u00a0: "La Bible de Mao, religion d'une g\u00e9n\u00e9ration en Occident" - Asialyst<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/asialyst.com\/fr\/2017\/01\/06\/50-ans-petit-livre-rouge-la-bible-de-mao-religion-en-occident\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"50 ans de Petit livre rouge\u00a0: "La Bible de Mao, religion d'une g\u00e9n\u00e9ration en Occident" - 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A propos de l'auteur<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t