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\n\t\tUne entreprise d\u2019un pays A est accus\u00e9e de dumping lorsqu\u2019elle vend un produit dans un pays B \u00e0 un prix inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 celui qu\u2019elle pratique sur son march\u00e9. D\u00e9licate lorsque A et B sont des \u00e9conomies de march\u00e9, cette appr\u00e9ciation est bien plus compliqu\u00e9 lorsque les prix du pays A ne sont pas d\u00e9termin\u00e9s par le march\u00e9. La question s\u2019est pos\u00e9e avec l\u2019adh\u00e9sion des pays socialistes au GATT et d\u00e8s sa cr\u00e9ation en 1995, l\u2019OMC a autoris\u00e9 les pays membres \u00e0 utiliser des m\u00e9thodes non fond\u00e9es sur une stricte comparaison avec les prix int\u00e9rieurs des pays exportateurs.\n

Les Europ\u00e9ens ont choisi la m\u00e9thode du pays analogue. En cas de dumping, ils ne comparent pas le prix des exportations chinoises au prix int\u00e9rieur chinois mais au prix pratiqu\u00e9 dans un pays \u00e0 \u00e9conomie de march\u00e9. Autrement dit, pour d\u00e9terminer si les ventes de produits sid\u00e9rurgiques chinois rel\u00e8vent du dumping, ils comparent au prix de ces m\u00eames produits aux \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p>\n

Les Am\u00e9ricains, eux, ont choisi la m\u00e9thode de la \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9duction \u00e0 z\u00e9ro\u00a0\u00bb. Ils comparent le prix chinois aux prix des exportations chinoises sur des march\u00e9s \u00e9trangers en retenant seulement les cas o\u00f9 ils sont inf\u00e9rieurs pour d\u00e9terminer des p\u00e9nalit\u00e9s qui sont plus fortes que celles de l\u2019UE. Une m\u00e9thode d\u00e9nonc\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019OMC par les Europ\u00e9ens, les Br\u00e9siliens et les Chinois en 2013.\t<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

\n\t

La question du statut d\u2019\u00e9conomie de march\u00e9<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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\n\t\tLorsque la Chine a adh\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019OMC, les pays membres ne lui ont pas accord\u00e9 le statut d\u2019\u00e9conomie de march\u00e9 (SEM). Cependant \u00e0 la fin des n\u00e9gociations, ils ont ajout\u00e9 un alin\u00e9a d : \u00ab\u00a0D\u00e8s que la Chine aura \u00e9tabli, conform\u00e9ment au droit national du membre importateur, qu\u2019elle est une \u00e9conomie de march\u00e9, les dispositions de l\u2019alin\u00e9a a seront abrog\u00e9es. [\u2026] En tout \u00e9tat de cause, ces dispositions […] arriveront \u00e0 expiration 15 ans apr\u00e8s la date d\u2019accession\u00a0\u00bb<\/em>\u2026 c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire le 11 d\u00e9cembre 2016.\n
Les diplomates ont eu une vision idyllique de l\u2019\u00e9volution de la Chine<\/a>. Ils pensaient qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019horizon 2016, le pays serait une \u00e9conomie de march\u00e9 voire une d\u00e9mocratie apr\u00e8s avoir suivi la m\u00eame trajectoire que la Cor\u00e9e et Ta\u00efwan. Ils n\u2019anticipaient ni qu\u2019elle deviendrait le 1er exportateur mondial, ni que le Parti communiste chinois pr\u00e9senterait la d\u00e9mocratie comme un p\u00e9ril<\/a>. En 2016, l\u2019\u00c9tat joue un r\u00f4le consid\u00e9rable dans l\u2019\u00e9conomie, \u00e0 travers les cr\u00e9dits, les subventions – en particulier l\u2019\u00e9nergie. Cependant, bien qu\u2019elle se d\u00e9finisse comme une \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9conomie socialiste de march\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb, la Chine estime qu\u2019en vertu du protocole, le SEM doit lui \u00eatre attribu\u00e9. Vue de Beijing, toute autre d\u00e9cision rel\u00e8ve d\u2019un traitement discriminatoire.<\/p>\n
Reconna\u00eetre ce statut ne signifierait pas l\u2019abandon de mesures anti-dumping, mais l\u2019utilisation des prix chinois conduirait \u00e0 des p\u00e9nalit\u00e9s inf\u00e9rieures. En mai 2016, on recensait cas de dumping 73 couvrant moins de 2 % (en valeur) des importations europ\u00e9ennes de Chine. Les plus importantes concernent les panneaux solaires (droits de 47,6 %), la sid\u00e9rurgie et la c\u00e9ramique. Octroyer le SEM \u00e0 la Chine provoquerait entre 30 400 et 77 000 suppressions d\u2019emplois \u00e0 court terme, soit deux fois plus \u00e0 moyen terme selon la Direction g\u00e9n\u00e9rale du Commerce \u00e0 la Commission europ\u00e9enne, davantage selon Aegis, une association li\u00e9e aux milieux industriels, et pr\u00e8s d\u20191 million si l\u2019on en croit une \u00e9tude de l\u2019Economic Policy Institute, proche des syndicats am\u00e9ricains.\t<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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Le revirement de l\u2019UE<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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\n\t\tSelon la lecture qu\u2019ils font du protocole d\u2019adh\u00e9sion, les Am\u00e9ricains ne se jugent pas tenus d\u2019accorder le SEM \u00e0 la Chine. Acceptant le risque d\u2019\u00eatre condamn\u00e9 par l\u2019OMC, ils ont confirm\u00e9 leur refus. Mais en octobre dernier, l\u2019OMC ayant donn\u00e9 raison \u00e0 ceux qui d\u00e9non\u00e7aient la m\u00e9thode de la r\u00e9duction \u00e0 z\u00e9ro<\/a>, les \u00c9tats-Unis vont tout de m\u00eame devoir \u00e9laborer une autre m\u00e9thode.\n
Si l\u2019attitude des Am\u00e9ricains et des Japonais qui ont eux aussi refus\u00e9 le SEM \u00e0 P\u00e9kin<\/a> n\u2019a pas surpris les Chinois, ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tonn\u00e9s du revirement europ\u00e9en. En effet, d\u2019une part, la Commission n\u2019avaient pas la m\u00eame interpr\u00e9tation du texte que les Am\u00e9ricains, et d\u2019autre part, plusieurs dirigeants europ\u00e9ens avaient annonc\u00e9 que l\u2019UE accorderait le SEM. Le ton a \u00e9volu\u00e9 au cours de l\u2019ann\u00e9e<\/em> et en mai dernier, le Parlement Europ\u00e9en a vot\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019unanimit\u00e9 contre l\u2019octroi du SEM. Ce vote non contraignant et la mobilisation de nombreux acteurs ont amen\u00e9 la Commission \u00e0 changer de position. Bottant en touche sur le SEM, elle a annonc\u00e9 un changement de m\u00e9thodologie qui concerne tous les pays – ce qui signifie la fin de la distinction entre SEM et non SEM. La Commission mettra en place un syst\u00e8me de veille cibl\u00e9e sur des pays et des secteurs, instruira les dossiers de dumping et \u00e9valuera les \u00e9carts sur la base d\u2019une m\u00e9thode proche du pays analogue. Parall\u00e8lement, elle musclera son arsenal pour que les sanctions soient plus dissuasives et plus rapides. Cette proposition a \u00e9t\u00e9 accept\u00e9e par les \u00c9tats-membres et en attendant sa ratification par le Parlement europ\u00e9en, la Commission continuera de traiter la Chine avec la m\u00e9thode du pays analogue.<\/p>\n
La Chine a r\u00e9agi en s\u2019auto-d\u00e9clarant \u00e9conomie de march\u00e9 et en d\u00e9posant une plainte \u00e0 l\u2019OMC<\/a> contre le maintien par les \u00c9tats-Unis et l\u2019UE de leur m\u00e9thode d\u2019\u00e9valuation d\u2019anti-dumping. Les premi\u00e8res escarmouches d\u2019une guerre commerciale \u00e0 venir.\t<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
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Soutenez-nous !<\/h3>\n\t\t
Asialyst est con\u00e7u par une \u00e9quipe compos\u00e9e \u00e0 100 % de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles et gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de contributeurs en Asie ou ailleurs, journalistes, experts, universitaires, consultants ou anciens diplomates... Notre seul but : partager la connaissance de l'Asie au plus large public.<\/p>\n\t\t Faire un don<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Tags de l'article<\/h5>\n\t\t
Asie du Nord-Est<\/a><\/li>
Chine<\/a><\/li>
Comission europ\u00e9enne<\/a><\/li>
Economie de march\u00e9<\/a><\/li>
Regards<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
\t<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t
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A propos de l'auteur<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJean-Rapha\u00ebl Chaponni\u00e8re\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJean-Rapha\u00ebl Chaponni\u00e8re est membre du groupe Asie21 (Futuribles)<\/a> et chercheur associ\u00e9 \u00e0 Asia Centre. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9conomiste \u00e0 l\u2019Agence Fran\u00e7aise de D\u00e9veloppement, conseiller \u00e9conomique aupr\u00e8s de l\u2019ambassade de France en Cor\u00e9e et en Turquie, et ing\u00e9nieur de recherche au CNRS pendant 25 ans. Il a publi\u00e9 avec Marc Lautier : \"Economie de l'Asie du Sud-Est, au carrefour de la mondialisation\"<\/a> (Br\u00e9al, 2018) et \"Les \u00e9conomies \u00e9mergentes d\u2019Asie, entre Etat et march\u00e9\" (Armand Colin, 270 pages, 2014).\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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On vous recommande<\/h5>\t\t\t
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$\"Photo$ <\/span>Economie<\/span>
Est-ce que les Chinois investissent plus \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger que les \u00e9trangers en Chine ?<\/h4><\/span><\/a><\/li>
$\"Le$ <\/span>Soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/span>
L\u2019Asie face \u00e0 Trump : un tigre de papier ?<\/h4><\/span><\/a><\/li>\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Comme promis par l’OMC, la Chine devait se faire reconna\u00eetre le statut d’\u00e9conomie de march\u00e9 ce 11 d\u00e9cembre 2016, mais l’Europe a chang\u00e9 d’avis.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":26328,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[23,22,1007,1006,194],"class_list":["post-26309","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economie","tag-asie-du-nord-est","tag-chine","tag-comission-europeenne","tag-economie-de-marche","tag-regards"],"yoast_head":"\nChine : pourquoi l'Europe a dit non au statut d'\u00e9conomie de march\u00e9 - Asialyst<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Comme promis par l'OMC, la Chine devait se faire reconna\u00eetre le statut d'\u00e9conomie de march\u00e9 ce 11 d\u00e9cembre 2016, mais l'Europe a chang\u00e9 d'avis.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/asialyst.com\/fr\/2016\/12\/16\/chine-pourquoi-europe-a-dit-non-statut-economie-marche\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chine : pourquoi l'Europe a dit non au statut d'\u00e9conomie de march\u00e9 - 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A propos de l'auteur<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t